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Friday 21 June 2013
Monday 17 June 2013
- NEUROTRANSMITTERS
- 1. INTRODUCTION:-The organs (the "viscera") ofour body, such as the heart, stomach andintestines, are regulated by a part of thenervous system called the autonomicnervous system (ANS). The ANS is part ofthe peripheral nervous system and itcontrols many organs and muscles withinthe body. In most situations, we areunaware of the workings of the ANSbecause it functions in an involuntary,reflexive manner. For example, we do notnotice when blood vessels change size orwhen our heart beats faster.www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
- 2. The ANS is most important in twosituations: In emergencies that cause stress andrequire us to"fight" or take "flight" (run away)and In nonemergencies that allow us to"rest" and "digest."www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
- 3. The ANS regulates: Muscles in the skin (around hair follicles; smooth muscle) around blood vessels (smooth muscle) in the eye (the iris; smooth muscle) in the stomach, intestines and bladder (smoothmuscle) of the heart (cardiac muscle) Glands The ANS is divided into two parts:1.The sympathetic nervous system2. The parasympathetic nervous systemwww.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
- 4. 1. Sympathetic Nervous System:-The sympathetic nervous system originatesin the spinal cord. Specifically, the cell bodiesof the first neuron (the preganglionic neuron)are located in the thoracic and lumbar spinalcord. Axons from these neurons project to achain of ganglia located near the spinal cord.In most cases, this neuron makes a synapsewith another neuron (post-ganglionic neuron)in the ganglion. A few preganglionic neuronsgo to other ganglia outside of the sympatheticchain and synapse there. The post-ganglionicneuron then projects to the "target" - either amuscle or a gland.www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
- 5. 2. Parasympathetic Nervous System:-The cell bodies of theparasympathetic nervous system arelocated in the spinal cord (sacral region)and in the medulla. In the medulla, thecranial nerves III, VII, IX and X form thepreganglionic parasympathetic fibers. Thepreganglionic fiber from the medulla orspinal cord projects to ganglia very closeto the target organ and makes a synapse
Limitations of Oxytocin
While oxytocin does promote pro-social behavior and lasting communities, the studies done to date on these effects tend to suggest it does so primarily if not only toward those considered to be part of the "in-group" sharing a common experience. Some studies also suggest that oxytocin may actually increase feelings of hostility toward those perceived to be part of an "out-group" (De Dreu et al, 2010).
In other words, the very hormone that can make group worship experiences powerful for worshipers can also make the very same worship experience potentially dangerous for those who are not part of the group.
To make a thoroughly non-scientific conjecture at this point, perhaps this is part of why the actual presence of the Holy Spirit as bothcomforter and coach is essential whenever we gather for worship!
Possible Implications for Worship
As noted in the disclaimer above, as well as in the title of this section, what follows here are possible implications and hypotheses.
1. The basic pattern of Word and Table, however expressed,may be a powerful means of enhancing our sense of community with God, each other, and in ministry with the world. Megachurches may be able to enhance self-reported feelings of cohesion and commitment with big sound and cameras, but that accounts for a little less than 1% of United Methodist congregations in the US. For the 99%, that kind of experience is largely out of reach.
Meanwhile, the pattern of Word and Table as expressed in the services of our hymnal and Book of Worship are accessible to congregations of all sizes and technology levels and actually contain many more avenues for worshipers to engage in activities that also enhance oxytocin expression, and so contribute to similar levels of bonding with God, each other and our neighbors.
2. I suggested our basic ritual may provide all that is needed for most of our congregations. Emotional energy matters. While it is notessential that worshipers dance energetically, sing at the top of their lungs, or offer their worship in immersive media environments, it is essential both theologically and, it seems, to enhance oxytocin release, that we offer our whole selves to God. And that includes our bodies, minds and emotions.
3. Part of the importance of planning worship and worshipingwith our minds as well as our bodies and emotions is to do what we can to counteract the negative consequence of oxytocin released during worship, the very real potential of loving God and each other, but at the expense of others.Contrary to some claims of Zak and others, increasing oxytocin release is no guarantee of increased morality or compassion except to people we define as being "like us" or "with us." Jesus, on the other hand, continues to call us to love enemies, do good to those who harm us and bless those who curse us. For that we need more than brains and bodies recharged with oxytocin. We need hearts and minds reborn and renewed by the Holy Spirit. Careful worship planning and wise worship leadership will direct worshipers to acknowledge feelings of hatred for enemies and outsiders that oxytocin released in worship may engender, acknowledge the degree to which we still struggle with "this body of death," and direct us to seek forgiveness and renewal from Christ whose peace truly passes human understanding.
While oxytocin does promote pro-social behavior and lasting communities, the studies done to date on these effects tend to suggest it does so primarily if not only toward those considered to be part of the "in-group" sharing a common experience. Some studies also suggest that oxytocin may actually increase feelings of hostility toward those perceived to be part of an "out-group" (De Dreu et al, 2010).
In other words, the very hormone that can make group worship experiences powerful for worshipers can also make the very same worship experience potentially dangerous for those who are not part of the group.
To make a thoroughly non-scientific conjecture at this point, perhaps this is part of why the actual presence of the Holy Spirit as bothcomforter and coach is essential whenever we gather for worship!
Possible Implications for Worship
As noted in the disclaimer above, as well as in the title of this section, what follows here are possible implications and hypotheses.
1. The basic pattern of Word and Table, however expressed,may be a powerful means of enhancing our sense of community with God, each other, and in ministry with the world. Megachurches may be able to enhance self-reported feelings of cohesion and commitment with big sound and cameras, but that accounts for a little less than 1% of United Methodist congregations in the US. For the 99%, that kind of experience is largely out of reach.
Meanwhile, the pattern of Word and Table as expressed in the services of our hymnal and Book of Worship are accessible to congregations of all sizes and technology levels and actually contain many more avenues for worshipers to engage in activities that also enhance oxytocin expression, and so contribute to similar levels of bonding with God, each other and our neighbors.
2. I suggested our basic ritual may provide all that is needed for most of our congregations. Emotional energy matters. While it is notessential that worshipers dance energetically, sing at the top of their lungs, or offer their worship in immersive media environments, it is essential both theologically and, it seems, to enhance oxytocin release, that we offer our whole selves to God. And that includes our bodies, minds and emotions.
3. Part of the importance of planning worship and worshipingwith our minds as well as our bodies and emotions is to do what we can to counteract the negative consequence of oxytocin released during worship, the very real potential of loving God and each other, but at the expense of others.Contrary to some claims of Zak and others, increasing oxytocin release is no guarantee of increased morality or compassion except to people we define as being "like us" or "with us." Jesus, on the other hand, continues to call us to love enemies, do good to those who harm us and bless those who curse us. For that we need more than brains and bodies recharged with oxytocin. We need hearts and minds reborn and renewed by the Holy Spirit. Careful worship planning and wise worship leadership will direct worshipers to acknowledge feelings of hatred for enemies and outsiders that oxytocin released in worship may engender, acknowledge the degree to which we still struggle with "this body of death," and direct us to seek forgiveness and renewal from Christ whose peace truly passes human understanding.
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